STRUCTURAL MODELS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN MEDAN CITY

Medan City is currently designated as one of the 20 national tourism destinations that implement Sustainable Tourism Development (STD) in Indonesia. The commitment to implement STD nationally is marked by the signing of the text of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) of 20 Regional Heads who are committed to implementing STD together with the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism. Furthermore, under the supervision of the Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Tourism, 20 existing Regencies / Cities made various improvements in each region so that they were finally eligible for STD certification from the STD international certification body. Medan City itself, through the Medan City Tourism Office, related to the implementation of the STD, has established a number of leading tourism destinations. It is hoped that in the future, Medan City will have tourist destinations that have received STD certification. This research was conducted to formulate a model of implementing sustainable tourism development in Medan with a total sample of 220 people spread over 11 leading tourist destinations in the city of Medan, samples were taken with a purposive random sampling technique. The research variables used include; sustainable management, socio-cultural benefits, economic benefits for the surrounding community, environmental benefits and the application of sustainable tourism. Data analysis was carried out with a structural model of the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with the help of Amos 22 software. The results showed that the management aspects, economic aspects, socio-cultural aspects of environmental aspects, and the impact of tourism directly and indirectly have a positive effect on the implementation of sustainable tourism in the city of Medan.


INTRODUCTION
The idea of sustainable tourism development is an idea that has developed since the release of the Brundtland Report. Related to the report, in the context of sustainable tourism, tourism is related to how to manage the desires of the present generation by not ignoring the interests of the next generation (WECD, 1987). Since then, the concept of sustainable tourism has become the main discourse for various groups, tourism destination owners and industry managers, environmentalists, communities, developers, politicians and academics (Macnaghten & Urry, 1998).
Furthermore, in his report Hall & Dickson (2011) mentioned a key factor in organizing ideas and policies for sustainable tourism development based on the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). This policy has 3 pillars that are balanced, namely; a) economic, b) socio-cultural and 3) environmental sustainability. On the other hand, related to efforts to balance the 3 pillars, Cater (1995) argues that the language of "balance" can be misleading because economic growth through tourism will often conflict with environmental protection, with difficult "exchanges" needing to be made between economic, social dimensions and the environment. Liu (2003) also mentioned that it is still patchy, not integrated and assumptions that are still likely to be wrong. Similar to sustainable development, sustainable tourism development also has various definitions according to experts, as stated by Pérez et al. (2017), Hall (2019), Law et al. (2017), Nunkoo & Seetanah (2019) Bramwell & Lane, (2011) and others.
UNWTO defines sustainable tourism as an activity to meet the various needs of tourists at the moment and the needs of the related tourist destination, while still protecting and increasing various opportunities and resources for the future. This is considered to lead to the management of existing resources in such a way that various economic, social, aesthetic and environmental preservation needs can be met by continuing to promote cultural integrity, important ecological processes, preservation of biodiversity and strengthening life support systems (UNEP & UNWTO, 2005).
In Indonesia, the STD concept was introduced in early 2016. Along with the launching of SDGs, the Indonesian government through the Ministry of Tourism created a pilot project for tourism development with the concept of sustainable tourism development. Kemempar RI cooperates with 20 regencies / cities that are committed to implementing sustainable tourism implementation (Sitepu, 2017). Even to support the program the Ministry of Tourism and Republic of Indonesia has issued Permenpar No.14 / 2016 on Sustainable Destinations Guidelines (Sitepu, 2019). Acording Sitepu (2019) STD is defined as measures for the development of tourism in an area that is oriented towards efforts to preserve resources that are also needed for the future.
Sustainable tourism development emphasizes not only the economic aspects, but also still considers ecological, socio-cultural and governance aspects.
Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Tourism Development Based on the Global Sustainability Tourism Council (GSTC) there are 4 pillars to assess whether a tourism destination, hotel or tour operator has carried out sustainable tourism development or not. The four pillars of sustainable destinations include; a) demonstrate sustainable destination management, b) maximize economic benefits to the host community and minimize negative impacts, c) maximize communities, visitors, and culture benefits and d) maximize the environment benefits. The criteria development process has been designed to comply with the ISO code of ethics and the ISEAL alliance standard code, an international body that provides guidance for the development and management of sustainability standards for all sectors (GSTC, 2017).
By the Indonesian government, through the Ministry of Tourism, the four pillars, along with the criteria for sustainable tourism development, the GSTC was later adopted as a standard for managing tourism destinations that are managed sustainably and set forth in Permenpar No.14 / 2016. The scope of sustainable tourism destinations as outlined in Permenpar No.14 / 2016, among others, includes; a) management of sustainable tourism destinations, b) economic empowerment for local communities, c) preservation of local cultures for the community and visitors and d) environmental preservation.
A similar approach in assessing sustainable tourism development was also carried out by UNEP (2012) (Bangun, 2018;Rmd, 2016;Sitepu, 2017). Lake and others have been introduced to sustainable tourism development. This paper will further outline how aspects of management, economic, sociocultural and environmental impacts will have a positive impact on regional tourism and will in turn create sustainable tourism development.

RESEARCH METHODS
The location of the research activities carried out in the city of Medan with the taking of respondents carried out in the community around 11 existing tourism destinations with a sample of 220 respondents. The sample is determined by the purposive random sampling method. The requirements for selecting respondents are adjusted to the following criteria: a) At least 17 years old at the time of the survey, or already married; b) Has lived around the tourist destination for at least 10 years when the survey was conducted; and c) Willing to participate as respondents. The form of the questionnaire is closed in which the respondent is given alternative choices of answers to each question. All variables will be measured using a Likert scale to make measurements related to a person's perception, attitudes, or opinions about social phenomena. In this study the Likert scale uses a 5-level scale that allows respondents to provide answers to the research questionnaire.
The object under study is spread in a number of tourist destinations, including;

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
From a total of 220 questionnaires to be distributed to respondents, the amount received by researchers was 220 questionnaires and no questionnaires were damaged.
So that a proper questionnaire was analyzed for 220 questionnaires, the respond rate was 100%. Analysis method can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Output Confirmatory Factor Analysis
The reliability test is done by construct reliability test, which is testing the reliability and consistency of the data. This test meets the criteria if Construct Reliability> 0.7.
Construct Reliability values between 0.6 to 0.7 can still be accepted provided that the construct validity (indicator) in the model is good. Ghozali (2013)

Structural Model Analysis
After    These results indicate that the overall model meets the model fit criteria. 1) The direct effect of the impact of sustainable management (A) on the impact of tourism (E). Hypothesis 1 of this study states that the aspect of sustainable management has a positive effect on the impact of tourism. Based on the results of data analysis it is known that the value of C.R. the causal relationship between sustainable management and the impact of tourism is 16,103 and the P value is 0.046. Both of these values indicate the value of C.R. > 1.96 and the P value below 0.05. Thus, based on the description it can be explained that the null hypothesis is rejected and hypothesis 1 is accepted, which means that in this study sustainable management has a positive effect on the impact of tourism.
2) The direct effect of the economic impact on the surrounding community (B) on the impact of tourism (E). Hypothesis 2 in this study states that the economic aspect has a positive effect on the impact of tourism. Based on the results of data analysis it is known that the value of C.R. the causality of the economic impact on the impact of tourism is 2.902 and the P value is 0.036. Both of these values indicate the value of C.R. > 1.96 and the P value below 0.05. Based on the description it can be explained that the null hypothesis is rejected and hypothesis 1 is accepted, which means in this study the economic impact has a positive effect on the impact of tourism.
3) Direct influence of socio-cultural impacts (C) on the impacts of tourism (E).
Hypothesis 3  Based on the results of data processing presented in the table it is known that the value of C.R. the causal relationship between the environmental impact of STD is 0.557 and the P value is 0.577. Both of these values indicate the value of C.R.
<1.96 and the P value above 0.05. Based on the description it can be explained that the null hypothesis is accepted and hypothesis 1 is rejected, which means that in this study the environmental impact does not have a positive effect on the application of STD.
9) Direct effect of tourism Impact (E) on STD (F). Hypothesis 9 in this study is the impact of positive tourism on the application of STD. Based on the results of data processing presented in the table it is known that the value of C.R. on the causality relationship the impact of tourism on the STD is 2.626 and the P value is 0.001 (***).
Both of these values indicate the value of C.R. > 1.96 and the P value below 0.05.
Based on the description it can be explained that the null hypothesis is rejected and hypothesis 1 is accepted, which means in this study the impact of tourism has a positive effect on the application of STD.
Further analysis can be done by observing the total, direct and indirect relationship between variables used in this study. Direct, indirect and total relationships are shown in Tables 9, 10 and 11. Based on the results of data analysis stated. It can be argued that this research has succeeded in proving that the management variable has a positive effect on the impact of tourism. Based on these results it can be explained that the better the sustainability management applied from tourism destinations, the better the effect on tourism impacts.
This result confirms previous opinions that link management with the impact of tourism.
Research also proves that the economic impact variable has a positive effect on the impact of tourism. Based on these results it can be explained that the better the economic impacts applied from tourism destinations, the better the effect on tourism impacts. Likewise with other variables; cultural aspects and environmental aspects used in this study. On the other hand the impact of tourism is also proven to be an intervening variable of the four exogenous variables, among others; sustainable management, economic benefits for the surrounding community, socio-cultural benefits and environmental benefits in influencing sustainable tourism development.
CONCLUSION 1) Management aspects, economic aspects, social cultural aspects and environmental aspects directly have a positive effect on the impact of tourism.
2) Management aspects, economic aspects, social cultural aspects and environmental aspects directly have a positive effect on sustainable tourism.
3) Management aspects, economic aspects, social cultural aspects and environmental aspects indirectly through the economic impact variables have a positive effect on sustainable tourism.
The recommended recommendations related to this research are, given that the variables of management, economic, cultural and environmental aspects affect the impact of tourism activities, the Medan City government is expected to be able to improve tourism governance by considering these four aspects. The Medan City Government is also expected to be able to approach and strengthen existing destinations through the concept of sustainable tourism development.