Analysis of spelling, effective sentences, and paragraphs in the students’ scientific papers

- This study aims to determine the level of use of spelling, effective sentences, and Indonesian language paragraphs in scientific papers applied by undergraduate students of SPB in the form of theses. This research is important because there is a tendency to use spelling, effective sentences, and paragraphs in student scientific papers that are not following applicable rules such as prepositions and punctuation. The method used in this study is qualitative, while the data collection is in the form of documentation with qualitative descriptive analysis. Studies on spelling order, each of them scored: Managerial Accounting Study Program is 98.73, International Business Study Program is 98.96, Tourism Business Management Study Program is 99.02, Construction Management Study Program is 98.51 with an average rating of 98.80. At the sentence level, each gets a value: Managerial Accounting Study Program is 83.72, International Business Study Program is 85.22, Tourism Business Management Study Program is 77.25, and Construction Management Study Program is 74.75, while at the paragraph level each value: Accounting Study Program Managerial is 70.74, International Business Study Program is 61.20, Tourism Business Management Study Program is 60.31, and Construction Management Study Program is 66.87, with an average rating of 64.78. Thus, it can be concluded that spelling ability, effective sentences, and students’ paragraphs are very good.


Introduction
When writing activities, BSP students in scientific papers do not reflect the expected curriculum format regarding the use of Indonesian. In the case of writing (spelling) the use of prepositions in, for, of, writing is still obscure, sometimes written as prefixes and on different sides written as prepositions. The wider mistake is that the sentence is not yet effective requested as a capital in a paper. In less structured sentences it will lead to misinterpretation. Likewise, the formation of paragraphs has not shown unity of ideas and has not shown correct paragraph harmony. Sudaryanto (2015) argues that Indonesian language rules include spelling rules, word formation rules, sentence arrangement rules, paragraph regulation rules, and reasoning structuring rules. If spelling is used with care, word formation rules are given careful attention, and reasoning is adhered to consistently, the use of Indonesian is said to be correct. Conversely, if the language rules are not obeyed, the use of language is considered wrong.
From the results of daily tests that work on sentences, the average undergraduate student at BSP only reaches 6.8, still classified as c and b, so it needs to be improved to get a more satisfying score. However, it cannot be denied that there are some students who score 8.5 and there are also scores of 3.5. In addition, in terms of doing writing / discourse exercises, many students' works have not applied punctuation marks, proper word selection (diction), sentence structures that do not meet standard criteria, and the use of absorption elements do not meet the correct way of absorbing words and terms. -terms according to the guidelines for writing absorption elements of both foreign and regional languages. The tendency to use nonstandardized rules for some students can threaten the survival of good and correct Indonesian in society, even though language is one of the national identities. Tarigan (2015) is of the opinion that writing is used to report or to inform, influence, and such purposes and objectives can only be achieved properly by people who can compose and express their thoughts clearly. In another part, Nurgiyantoro (in Purnamasari, 2015) argued that if compared to the other three language skills, writing skills are more difficult to master even by native speakers of the language concerned. This is because the ability to write requires mastery of various linguistic elements and elements outside the language itself which will become an essay.
The problem is, in writing activities, many students are unable to determine topics, compile essay frameworks, build coherence and paragraph development, determine the main sentences in paragraphs, and adjust the alignment of content with topics.
The value of student writing skills currently needs to be improved, even though there is enough of a passing grade. In addition, many students have difficulty making paragraphs or essays in conducting lessons on campus. These things are the background for conducting research with these subjects and objects. Based on this background, the problem formulations in this research are (1) how to spell or write scientific papers of Bali State Polytechnic applied undergraduate students, (2) how to write effective sentences in scientific papers of Bali State Polytechnic applied undergraduate students, (3) ) How is the unity and coherence of paragraphs of scientific writing by Bali State Polytechnic applied undergraduate students?
In general, the types of errors in spelling, effective sentences, and paragraphs are as follows: a. Grammatical Errors Hasyim (2012) refers to the error analysis shown by students and teachers as an important grammar analysis. He said that with error analysis, students could find out the difficulties they had with grammar, and teachers could tell if they had successfully taught the material. The focus of the researchers in this study was on word order, verb, subject-verb agreement, and reference-reference agreement. b. Punctuation Errors Arama (2010) states that punctuation has the same task for facial expressions and body language; they help readers understand what the author really means. For this reason, punctuation errors can lead to misunderstandings, so students are trained to use them properly. Researchers from this study focused on basic punctuation because sentences ended in full stop signs, question marks and exclamation points in addition to the use of commas, and commas. c. Spelling Errors According to Kusuran (2017), Amir's spelling mistakes were divided into two main categories, typographical errors and cognitive errors. Typographic errors include adding, removing, replacing, or transferring letters while cognitive errors including those letters have phonetic similarities, such as "academic" and "academic". However, because spelling errors often change the meaning of sentences, and cause misunderstandings, the researchers of this study considered all spelling errors to be cognitive, and they divided the wrong words into words that were frequently and rarely used. d. Coherence Error Ruegg and Sugiyama (2013) call coherence a content organization. Researchers of this study confirmed the importance of their effect in attracting readers' attention and interest. They train students to pay attention to arranging their writing with introductory sentences supported by explanatory sentences and ending with a closing. e. Sentence Errors This error focuses on the correct use of capital letters, and the spatial arrangement as individuals of the target population are prepared to become English teachers. McFarland draws on the importance of handwriting for the brain, memory, motor skills, and reading skills, and emphasizes the importance of this paper in the early stages of teaching children.
Sabrina Baghzou (2014), stated that their students repeated the same mistakes; they adopted Corder's understanding, about the similarities between acquiring a mother tongue and learning a foreign language, and about the benefits of user feedback with children only to improve their native language. Here, the researchers of this work highly recommend using error analysis as feedback for each foreign language learner. Mungu (2010) conducted a quantitative study to identify the errors that were made in writing by three Namibian groups: Oshiwambo, Afrikaans, and Silozi. He, then, compared the types and frequencies of their errors. The sample consisted of 360 essays written by 180 participants from various secondary schools in various regions; each group consisted of 60 people. The focus of the study was on the mistakes made by participants in the form of words, prepositions, articles, and spelling. Further research showed that the highest number of errors was committed by the Oshiwambo group, and then the Silozi group; the lowest number of errors committed by Africans.
Sarfraz (2011) checked the errors of fifty English essays written by fifty Pakistani undergraduate students. The focus of the study was to identify, describe, and evaluate the mistakes made by fifty participants. Sarfraz (2011) thinks that 61 out of 76 errors resulted from the inter-language process, implying bad habits of learning strategies. In addition, 15 other mistakes were due to mother tongue disorders. Sarfraz (2011) also considers mistakes due to a lack of practice, feedback, motivation, and carelessness on the part of the students.
Kanyakorn Sermsook (2017) in An Analysis of Errors in Written English Sentences: A Case Study of Thai EFL Students. This study focuses mainly on sentences because researchers found that errors in sentence construction of Thai EFL students can cause miscommunication. The 104 posts written by 26 second-year English major students enrolled in the Writing II course were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the most frequent mistakes made were punctuation, article, subject-verb agreement, spelling, capitalization, and fragments, respectively. Interlingual impairment, intralingual impairment, limited knowledge of English grammar and vocabulary, and student carelessness were found to be major sources of error.
Error analysis has become increasingly important, especially in the field of linguistics; Thus, the proliferation of studies using AL-Khasawneh identifies the type of mistake of writing English paragraphs by 26 Jordanian students from various majors at the Ajloun National University. After grouping errors into an error using the article. Prepositions, subject-verb agreements, word sequences, tense, plurality, spelling, capitalization, sentence structure, demonstrative, and irregular verbs, the highest error frequency is in the use of articles. Al-Khasawneh thinks that such mistakes are done due to inadequate exposure to target languages, lack of practice, and interference. As demonstrated, most studies consider the reasons for making mistakes in writing with interference between native and non-indigenous languages, lack of practice and feedback from the early years of learning in addition to the lack of students ' motivation and prudence in following their teacher's instruction and Internet use. Undoubtedly, the role of teachers, curriculum, and exposure to foreign languages is also important to improve students ' writing skills.

Method
The descriptive method is done with the intent of the data collected is not processed with words but rather the depth of the passion for the problem discussed (Moleong, 2017). The Data is collected using content analysis to analyze the spelling, effective sentences, and paragraphs of student scientific work. In addition, this research is following some features of qualitative design namely: (1) natural setting, (2) human beings as instruments, (3) Qualitative methods, (4) Inductive data analysis, (5) Theory of Basic, and (6) descriptive (Moleong, 2017).
This section, clearly outlined the type of data collected, the data source, and the techniques used to collect the data. This research Data is a result of scientific writing of students in the form of thesis Diploma IV State Polytechnic school year 2019. The Data needed to have amounted to 40 student scientific papers. The research will be obtained in the form of paper print reports and is focused on spelling, effective sentences, and paragraphs.
The population is the overall subject of research (Arikunto, 2010). Population research is done when researchers want to see all the twists in the population. The research population is also expressed as a group of interesting researchers to generalize the research results, or research subjects as a set consisting of people, animals, plants, or objects that have common traits. (Sugiyono, 2015). Based on this the population in this study is the entire student thesis of Diploma IV year 2019 amounting to 413 papers.

Results and Discussion
The thesis Data of the Managerial accounting study Program was ten copies. Here are some results and discussions of spelling, effective sentences, and paragraph. (2012), yang menyatakan, "Audit operasional adalah suatu studi terhadap setiap bagian dari prosedur dan metode operasi suatu organisasi untuk menilai efisiensi dan efektivitasnya. Umumnya, selama penyelesaian audit operasional, auditor akan memberikan beberapa nasihat kepada manajemen untuk meningkatkan operasi perusahaan. Menurut Tunggal (2008), yang menyatakan, "Tujuan dari audit operasional adalah untuk mengungkapkan kekurangan dan ketidakkonsistenan dalam setiap elemen yang diuji oleh auditor operasional dan untuk menunjukkan perbaikan apa yang mungkin dilakukan. .. " (Bagus, 2019). (According to Arens (2012), stating, "Operational audits are a study of any part of the procedures and methods of operating an organization to assess its efficiency and effectiveness. Generally, during the completion of the operational audit, the auditor will provide some advice to the management to improve the operation of the company. According to Tunggal (2008), stating, "The purpose of the operational audit is to disclose the lack and inconsistency in any element tested by the operational auditor and to demonstrate what repairs are possible...").

Menurut Arens
The two-sentence fragments of the text are impartial in writing. The word menurut 'according' is the same as the word menyatakan 'declare'. Thus, the word menyatakan 'states' no need to be rewritten. For more details, see the following description.
Writing words while at the beginning of sentences or at the beginning of paragraphs is not justified, because the word is a conjunction. The writing is said to be true when it is written with: menurut Sukrisno (2017), according to Sukrisno (2017)', "Auditing is an examination made to be critical and systematic by an independent party to the financial statements that have been compiled by the management and bookkeeping records and the evidence of its supporters, with the intention of providing opinion on the fairness of the financial statements".
The spelling, sentence, and paragraph capabilities of the managerial accounting study Program can be outlined: the average spelling value is 98.73, the average sentence of 83.73, while the average value of a paragraph is 70.74. Thus, the merging of the average spelling, sentence and paragraph values of 84.40 is very good.
(Of the number of employees is expected to be more helpful to HIS in the operation of the company, so that management activities can run well. In addition, the company must also be able to optimize the various potential owned by all employees, whether it is knowledge and skills work. Because by balanced the performance of the optimal employees will be able to help the company to reach its target).
The word from in the text above shows the subject of the sentence is unclear, because the word of posttension as a description. Similarly, the word for sentence (2) is less precisely placed at the beginning of the sentence. The paragraph above will be correct when written: "The number of employees expected to be more helpful to HIS in the company's operations, so that management activities can run well. In addition, the company must also be able to optimize the various potential owned by all employees, whether it is the knowledge or skill of work. Therefore, by offset the performance of the optimal employees will be able to help the company to reach its target".
Melihat Tours & Travel Pesanggaran is a problem that must be considered by the company to increase the profitability of the company in the future. In addition, employee discipline still often occurs due to weak systems governing the discipline of employees. These systems include supervision from the leader as well as sanctions that employees will receive when they are not disciplined. The leadership styles applied in the company also bring influence on employee performance. By applying a leadership style that is appropriate to the condition of the company will certainly make employees' performance better and increase the company's sales).
The group of words see the above chart, preferably replaced with the chart above shows. Similarly, the initial sentences (3) and (6) should be the second paragraph, because it varies the main idea. More details will be presented with improved spelling, sentences, and pronunciation.
The chart above, explaining the improvement occurred at the beginning of the year 2018 with the sale of products from the company PT Harum Indah Sari Tours & Travel went well, proved from an increase in January to March by 570. However, the decline in April to June amounted to 579. The following month increased with a sales value of 2312. At the end of the year 2018 product sales from PT Harum Indah Sari Tours & Travel again decreased. Judging from the product sales data of PT Harum Indah Sari Tours & Travel Pesanggaran, is a problem that must be considered by the company to increase the profitability of the company in the future. In addition, employee indiscipline still often occurs due to weak systems governing the discipline of employees. These systems include supervision from the leader as well as sanctions that employees will receive when they are not disciplined.
The leadership styles applied in the company also bring influence on employee performance. By applying a leadership style that is appropriate to the condition of the company will certainly make employees ' performance better and increase the company's sales.
The spelling, sentence, and paragraph capabilities of the International Business Studies Program are not much different than in managerial accounting, each one can be spelled out: The average spelling value is 98.96, the average sentence of 85.22, while the average paragraph value is 61.20. The merging of the average spelling, sentence and paragraph values of the program is 81.79 very good.
Pariwisata merupakan industri yang memiliki perputaran uang yang sangat besar dan cepat. Hal ini disebabkan semakin meningkatnya minat masyarakat dunia untuk berlibur ke berbagai tempat wisata yang indah untuk dikunjungi. Melakukan perjalanan, bagi dunia kebutuhan masyarakat karena semakin hari semakin tinggi beban kerja membuat tingkat stres bagi karyawan semakin meningkat, sehingga dibutuhkan cuti rutin bagi karyawan untuk menghilangkan kejenuhan dan kembali bekerja dengan keadaan yang lebih hidup. Dengan fenomena tersebut, banyak negara mulai membangun industri pariwisata yang lebih profesional dan mengembangkan potensi di masing-masing negara dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan negara yang bersumber dari wisatawan (Editya, 2019). (Tourism is an industry that has a very large and fast turnover of money. This is due to the increasing interest of the world community to make vacations to many beautiful tourist attractions to visit. Doing a trip, for the world community needs as more and more days of high workloads make the level of stress for employees increasingly, so it takes a routine vacation for employees to remove saturation and back to work with more vibrant circumstances. With such phenomena, many countries start to build a more professional tourism industry and develop the potential in each country-each with the goal of increasing the revenue of the country sourced from the tourists). Sentence (2) in paragraph above is less grammatical, on the world phrase needs. From the angle of the grammar, the word is still in foreign form which is the word stress, which should be quite written with stress. It will be more grammatical if the sentence is written "doing a trip for people of the world is a necessity, because more and more days of high workload make the level of stress for employees are increasing, so it takes a routine vacation for employees to eliminate saturation and return to work with a more vibrant state Similarly, the third sentence, written in many countries, shows the waste in the word, it should be quite written many countries.
Salah satu obyek wisata yang berhasil dikembangkan dan menjadi tujuan wisata favorit para wisatawan dunia adalah obyek wisata yang ada di pulau Bali. Pulau Bali menjadi sangat terkenal di dunia karena konsep bekal yang diemban pemerintah Bali adalah budaya, hal ini merupakan objek wisata yang sangat unik dan mampu menarik wisatawan untuk datang ke Bali. Selain itu keindahan alam juga mendorong pesatnya pertumbuhan pariwisata di pulau Bali. Masyarakat lokal pun memiliki andil yang besar dalam perkembangan pariwisata di pulau Bali, dengan sumber daya manusia inilah pulau Bali mampu beradaptasi dengan perubahan dengan sangat cepat (Editya, 2019). (One of the tourism objects that have been successfully developed and become a favorite tourist destination for the world tourists is a tourist attraction in the island of Bali. Bali Island became very famous in the world because the concept that is carried by the government provision Bali is a culture, this is a very unique tourist attraction and able to attract tourists to come to Bali. Besides the natural beauty also encourages the rapid growth of tourism on the island of Bali. Local people also have a large in the development of tourism in the island of Bali, with human resources This is the island of Bali is able to adapt to changes very quickly).
There is a mistake in writing the paragraph above, the first spelling problem, namely the word beside and the island of Bal which should be on the side and the island of Bali. Secondly, in terms of the less grammatical, "beside the natural beauty also encourages the rapid growth of tourism on the island of Bali". This sentence is not completed, it should be written "beside the natural beauty also that encourages the rapid growth of tourism on the island of Bali, local people also have a big part in the development of tourism. This human resource is able to adapt to a very rapid change. Thirdly, in terms of paragraph should the paragraph in the bag be sorted into two, because the idea of the main paragraph above is different. Here is a different writing of the grammar, sentences, and paragraphs. One of the tourism objects that have been successfully developed and become a favourite tourist destination for the world tourists is a tourist attraction in the island of Bali. Bali Island became very famous in the world because of the concept that was carried by the government of Bali province is a culture. This is what is a very unique tourist attraction and able to attract tourists to come to Bali.
In addition to the natural beauty, which also encourages the rapid growth of tourism on the island of Bali, the local people also have a large part in the development of tourism. This human resource is able to adapt to a very rapid change ".  (Cahyo, 2019). (The liquid waste produced from tofu production has a considerable discharge. If liquid waste knows with a lot of discharge this is handled appropriately then the result is not to pollute the surrounding environment. Because of the lack of knowledge of the entrepreneurs know to cultivate the liquid waste water then the entrepreneurs dispose of waste know in vain. Even entrepreneurs dispose of their liquid waste to the nearest river from its factory site. Then the effect of the discharge of liquid waste is the river becomes dirty and filled with waste. Another effect if the discharge of liquid waste is if it is discovered by the river handle can be penalized and fines are quite heavy). The conjunctions because and then less precisely placed at the beginning of the sentence, would be more appropriate to be used as a stitch in the intra sentences. For more details, you are presented with the correct writing. The liquid waste produced from tofu production has a considerable discharge. If liquid waste knows with a lot of discharge this is handled appropriately then the result is not to pollute the surrounding environment. Lack of knowledge of the entrepreneurs know to cultivate the liquid waste water, so that they dispose of waste in vain. Even entrepreneurs throw the waste of the liquid to the nearest river from its factory site. Therefore, the effect of the discharge of the liquid waste into the river is the river becomes dirty and filled with waste. Another effect is that if it is known by a river handle, it may be subject to penalties and fines that are quite heavy.  (Cahyo, 2019). (In Denpasar area precisely around Tukad Badung, is the place of most tofu factories established. Around Tukad Badung. The area has not been a good environmental management in every factory, so all liquid waste produced, all disposed of in the Tukad Badung. Factory location know that the author is thorough is one of the factories that do not have good environmental management. In fact if the factory knows it implements a good management system on each manufacturer, then the environment and rivers around are not affected. With the good management system of each factory know then the environment and surrounding rivers are not affected. Therefore, the author is interested to make the problems that exist as a material for the thesis namely the title of management of environmental management in the industry know "John Key" Denpasar Bali"). As with any error in paragraph data (1), the data in paragraph (2) is needed to be straightened, resulting in good sentences and paragraphs. There is a waste of words or groups of words, namely Tukad Badung written repeatedly, the completeness of the subject and predicate, and the wording of the word that has not been ordered. The following is the alignment of its writing. In the Denpasar area, precisely around Tukad Badung, is the place of the most established tofu factories. In the area there is no good environmental management in every factory. So, all liquid waste produced, disposed in the Tukad Badung. Factory location know that the author is thorough is one of the factories that do not have good environmental management. Whereas if the factory knows it implements a good management system in each plant, then the environment and rivers around are not affected. "John Key" Denpasar Bali.
Umumnya dibuat oleh pengrajin atau industri rumah tangga dengan peralatan dan teknologi sederhana. Urutan proses atau cara pembuatan tahu di semua industri kecil tahu secara umum hampir sama dan jika terdapat perbedaan hanya pada urutan kerja atau jenis zat bekuan protein yang digunakan. Pemilihan Bahan Baku Kedelai merupakan pekerjaan paling awal dalam pembuatan tahu. Kedelai yang baik adalah gudang kedelai yang baru atau belum disimpan. Kedelai baru bisa menghasilkan tahu yang enak (aroma dan bentuk). Untuk mendapatkan tahu yang berkualitas, dibutuhkan bahan baku bibit kedelai yang sudah tua, kulit batang tidak keriput, kedelai tidak retak dan bebas dari sisa-sisa tanaman, kerikil, tanah, atau biji-bijian lainnya. Kedelai yang digunakan biasanya berwarna kuning, putih, atau hijau dan jarang yang menggunakan kedelai jenis hitam. Pemilahan ini bertujuan untuk menjaga agar kualitas tahu tetap terjaga (Cahyo, 2019). (Generally, it is made by craftsmen or household industry with simple equipment and technology. The order of process or the way of making tofu in all small industries know in general is almost the same and if there is a difference only in the working order or the type of protein clot substances used. Soybean raw Material selection is the earliest work in the manufacture of tofu. Good soy is a new or unsaved soy-long warehouse. The new soy can produce good tofu (aroma and shape). To get the know that has good quality, required raw materials of soy seeds are old, the bark is not wrinkled, soybeans do not crack and free from the remnants of plants, gravel, soil, or other grains. The soy used is usually yellow, white, or green and rarely uses a black type of soy. The purpose of this sorting is to keep the know quality well maintained). The writing of the line above is less solid, because the same word is written at the beginning of sentences, such as the soy word. The value of the spelling, sentence, and paragraph elements of the construction management study Program, respectively, can be described: the average spelling value of 98.51, the average sentence of 74.75, while the average value of paragraphs is 66.87. The merging of the average values of the spelling, sentence, and paragraph of the technology program is 80.04 good.

Conclusion
There are three main studies in this research, namely spelling writing, effective sentence writing, and paragraph writing. The results of student work studies, especially in scientific papers in the form of theses for applied undergraduate students of Bali State Polytechnic are classified as good and very good. For spelling and paragraph writing it is classified as very good, while for writing sentences it is classified as good. This is shown from the results of the assessment of the scores of each study program, namely, Managerial Accounting, International Business, Tourism Business Management, and Construction Management.