Uang Kepeng in the Globalization Era: Industrialization at Kamasan Village, Klungkung, Bali

Uang kepeng or pis bolong (a traditional coin with a square hole in its center) has become an integral part in the cultural life and rituals of Balinese community. When Bali has been influenced by the ideology of globalization, uang kepeng has not only been used in connection with the culture and rituals, but has become tourism products in the form of souvenirs and ornaments. The coin which was originally brought to Bali from China when it was used as money, now has been produced as a product of a handicraft industry. The change in practice in the production of uang kepeng to an industrialization cannot be separated from an ideology that plays its part behind it. The handicraft industrialization has some implications on the attitude of the craftsmen and the type of product they produce. This study used a qualitative method. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique. The data were collected from key informants and the data collection was continued with the next informants like a snow ball that continues rolling. The ideology that influenced the industrialization of uang kepeng handicraft at Kamasan village, Klungkung was that the folk industry is related to the agrarian culture and industrialization is the continuation of the agrarian culture. The implications on the craftsmen and the product that they produce are: the cultural change from a folk culture to a popular culture, fordism as a mass production based on casting, multiculturally oriented product, and that markets produce products.


INTRODUCTION
Uang kepeng (a coin with a square hole in its center), in Bali is called pis bolong, or jinah bolong. Pis means 'money' and bolong 'having a hole'. Pis bolong was a Chinese coin that is generally found in Bali. The round shape with a square hole in its center has the meaning that is related to Chinese belief. The round shape symbolizes the sky and the square hole the earth (Hartawan, 2011: 123). Thus, uang kepeng symbolizes the earth and the sky.
In Bali, the Chinese coin until now is frequently used in cultural and ritual activities. Formerly, uang kepeng was brought by Chinese merchants to Indonesia, including Bali, to be used as medium of exchange. Then it became a legal currency at harbors as the trade centers, such as Buleleng harbor, Blanjong harbor at Sanur. When Buleleng grew into the trade center in Bali until the 20 th century, the Chinese coin kept on flowing into Bali through trades. Uang kepeng was used as medium of payment and commodity. The use of uang kepeng as medium of payment ended in 1950s. In 1950 the government of Indonesia issued uang RIS and ORI (Republic of United States of Indonesia's currency and Republic of Indonesia's currency) as official currencies which were used throughout Indonesia (Arisanti, 2017: 159). Since the time rupiah was officially used, uang kepeng lost its function as medium of payment. When a currency is declared to be out of use as medium of payment, it is soon withdrawn from circulation and is destroyed, only some specimens are stored for the purpose of documentation (Sidemen, 2002: 12).
Although no longer used as medium of payment, uang kepeng is still in circulation and needed by Balinese community. It was then used a cultural object and medium in a ceremony (Sidemen, 2002: 99). As cultural object it is used as medium in gambling and amulets. Various types of gambling such as pinceran or toketan, kelesan or kobokan, matogtog, matembing, macontok, macontok pulang, malekenting, and materi use uang kepeng. The coin is used as amulet since it is believed that it can give a supranatural power. The amulet coins (pis jimat) are grouped into three types, i.e., pis pretima, pis paica, and pis rerajahan. As medium of rituals, it is used as sesari, praraga, and decorations -salang cili and salang wakul, lamak, tamyang, kolem, and payung pagut.
Kamasan is one of the villages in Klungkung regency which has a variety of artistic potential. Some sacred light of Sang Hyang Widhi (God). The process of making a pratima follows a sacralization process (purification) and pasupati (a ceremony in which the process of transferring the sacred light into the pratima takes place). In the process of making a pratima craftsmen always consider dewasa ayu (good days) by referring to Balinese calendar (Soedarsono, 1998: 214). This is done because the pratima will serve as medium in guiding the Hindus' devotion in their appearance before Hyang Widhi (God).
The Balinese community's needs for the coins for sesari (offerings) and pratima was seen as a profitable opportunity by Gede Surya Atmaja. Surya Atmaja is an uang kepeng craftsman from Kamasan village Klungkung. He founded a group of craftsmen of Jinah Blong Taksu Agung that produces the coins for ceremonies. The shape and size of the coins produced are like those of Chinese original coin. However, the type of materials used is adjusted to the price of the coin produced. The group produce uang kepeng to meet the need of the local Balinese community. The product is sold at Kumbasari Market in Denpasar.
The group also produces statues of coins. The statues are usually used as sacred objects or pratima. Viewed from their use as pratima, the statues can be categorized as traditional art. Kayam (1981: 60) explains in detail the characteristics of the traditional art, i.e., having a limited range in which it is limited to the cultural environment that supports it, 2) is the reflection of a culture that is developing slowly, 3) is part of a holistic cosmos of life which is not divided into specialized compartments, and 4) is not a product of individual creativity, but is created anonymously with the collective characteristic of the supporting community.
Viewed from the idea of its creation, the pratima statue product of Taksu Agung Craftsmen group is not the product of an individual creativity, but it presents the collectiveness of the producers that is based on the guideline that has become a tradition in Bali. Some statues are produced such as the statue of Goddess Sri made of the coins which depicts a goddess who is holding rice. Goddess Sri and rice are the signifier of Goddess of Fertility. In this context, the signifier (meaning) becomes the important consideration in creating a sign (visual form). In other words, the signifier is related to the sign (Piliang, 2018: 245).
Other products produced by the group of Jinah Bolong Taksu craftsmen are panca datu coins. Panca datu (five types of metal) are the material that transfers the divine energy/ divine pure light. The five elements of metal are regarded as something that has a magic power which can give a sacred strength and peace. The production of panca datu coins cannot be separated from the hegemony of Bali local government that has the desire to build a local identity through the coins. The government collaborates with the producer of the coins to produce coins which uses Balinese character and panca datu material. The production of panca datu coins is under the coordination of the institution of Bali Heritage Trust, a division of Bali Province Office of Culture (Arisanti, 2017: 165). Barker (2004: 134) states that industrial revolution has changed the pre-industry society with a low productivity towards a society with a high productivity. The effect was a change from domestic production to meet urgent needs into the production of goods of mass consumption for sale, and from a simple production based on family towards a very impersonal job division using capital equipment. The products are for sale to make profits, so that they are valued for their exchange (exchange value) (Marx in Adian, 2010: 15).

RESUTS AND DISCUSSION
Industrialization is capable of changing agrarian cultural productivity into mass production which is inseparable from the effect of globalization. Robertson in Barker (2004: 113) states that the global concept refers to the intensive narrowing of the world and the increase in our awareness of the world, i.e., the increasingly intense global connections and our understanding of them. The increase in global connections through communication technology transforms this world transform as though into a global village. A global village in which a superior community lives based on technology -complete as though they lived in a legend which changed the social system and local culture that have become datedmystical -and unwanted (Lull, 1998: 178). Globalization, therefore, causes an intensive connection among the parts of the world through technological networks to replace the dated social system.
The global concept entered Bali along with the development of tourism industry. The tourism program was initiated by the Dutch colonial government in 1914 by opening a branch of Dutch colonial tourism bureau in Bali. The bureau of KMP voyage (The Royal Voyage Company) opened a voyage that connected Singapore, Batavia, Semarang, Surabaya, Buleleng, and Makassar (Picard, 2006: 31).. Bali started to be visited by European tourists. The tourism was then developed by the new order government by putting an emphasis on cultural tourism. Handicrafts as part of cultural tourism were developed into souvenirs for sale to tourists. This has caused the value of handicrafts and art in Bali to change from use value to exchange value.
Coin handicraft is one of Balinese handicrafts that is presented as souvenir for tourism. Tourists do not buy the coins for ceremonial purposes or amulets, but for souvenirs. Hence, the souvenirs can be categorized as tourism art. Tourism art has five characteristics, i.e., (1) an imitation of an original art, (2) shorter than the original, (3) full of variations, (4) leaving out the magic and the sacred, and (5) cheap relative to the exchange rate of the tourists' currencies (Soedarsono, 1993: 254).
The outstanding features of souvenirs that are made of uang kepeng are the shape and size that are similar to those of the original Chinese coin. The souvenirs are made in a variety of shapes such as statue, salang (accessories with human or animal shape who are regarded as sacred), and necklace parts that do not have magic and sacral values. The statue and salang are made in small sizes so that they can be carried easily by the tourists. Hence, the souvenirs from the coins can be categorized into kitsch art Kayam (1981a: 13) mentions that kitsch is an art that is peddled as something to kill the time. Kitch art is free from ritual elements. It can be produced by adapting a medium to another medium or a type to another type (Piliang, 2006: 143).
Tourists who come to Bali do not only like the exotic nature and culture of Bali, but they also like Balinese souvenirs that have local ethnic features. The souvenirs from the coins are made by putting an emphasis on Balinese characteristics. Tourists buy them, not only because they are cheap and interesting, but also because they want to show their friends that they have been to Bali. Thus, the souvenirs become the sign of their presence in Bali. Kamasan village is not a place of tourist destination, but as a tourism impacted area or a border area. Tourist destinations in Klungkung regency include Besakih Temple, Sukawati Art Market, and Ubud Art Market. The centers of tourism are not far from Kamasan. The coin souvenirs which are produced at Kamasan village are also sold at tourist destination areas, such as Kertagosa, Ubud, Sukawati, Ubud Art Market, etc. The workers who are involved in producing uang kepeng family members, people from the surroundings, even Javanese workers. By producing and supplying the coins to the centers of tourism, the tourists' dollars are not only flown to art-shop owners, collectors who live in the centers of tourism, but also by people outside the tourist resorts or the people from the border areas. The craftsmen of the coin at Kamasan village, in spite of living outside of tourist areas, also enjoy tourists' dollars by producing the coin.
The tools used in producing the coin mostly use electricity power. Some of the machines used in producing the coin are blower, grinder, drill, cropping tool, electric sandpaper, and polisher. The blower that produces wind at the time of burning metals is electricity powered. The grinder is used to smoothen the surface of the coin after it is cast. The surface of the coin as the product of the casting is not smooth. Thus the grinder is used to smoothen it. The electric sand paper is used to smoothen the grinder tracks, so that it appears to be smoother. The coin is then polished using a polisher to shine its surface. The tools are powered by electricity, to make the production process easy and speedy. Thus, more coins can be produced in a relatively short time.
The effectiveness and efficiency in the use of time and energy become the major considerations in the coin production process at Group Taksu Agung. This can be seen from the job division based on job specialization. The job specialization applied is according to the work stages, i.e., the stage of casting the metal into the mold, cropping the coin surface, separating coins that are still connected with each other, smoothening the coin edges using a file. According to I Gede Surya Atmaja, the manager of Group Pengrajin Jinah Bolong Taksu Agung, the job division is based on specialization to make it easy to monitor the result and to be able to produce a maximum number of products. This model of work system is used to produce the products in a maximum quantity and quality. Barker (2004: 46) states that popular culture is a culture based on non authentic, manipulative, and dissatisfactory commodities. It is non authentic because it is not produced by people. It is manipulative because its main goal is to sell the products, and it is dissatisfactory because it is easy to consume and fails to enrich the consumer. It fails to enrich the consumer since the popular art does not contain educational, moral values that can enrich the consumer. This culture is born in the context of the capitalism economy and politics that are guided by the principles of progress, profit, and extension of production.
The principles of popular art are mass production, low payment, standardization, taste and flavor homogenization, differentiation, and constant acceleration (Ibrahim in Hidayat, 2012: 107). Popular art is produced in mass quantity so that is often taken to be equal to mass art. The system of mass cultural product, in addition to taking cost efficiency into account, also follows the standard law or standardization and homogenization of the consumer's taste. The production process considers time efficiency. Thus, popular art is related to the considerations of cost and time in making a profit.
Mass culture is related to industrialization and urbanization that serve to create what is called "atomization" (Srinati, 2010: 30). The mass community that consist of people who are like atoms in a mixture in physics or a compound in chemistry in their relation with each other. The relation among them is not based on the integrated communal characteristic, but is contact-based, distant, and sporadic. Individuals in the mass community behave as they want, lack of ideas about a morally acceptable life, cannot give an appropriate and effective solution to problems that they are facing. Thus, the mass culture is regarded as one of the sources of false morality and the lip service of the mass community. Furthermore, MacDonald in Srinati (2010: 35) states that mass culture is created by experts who are recruited by business people. The audience is the passive consumer, his/her participation is limited to buying or not buying something.
Mass culture removes, and destroys borders between high and low cultures. High culture is the product of the high class-the palace (royal family) and the high economic status people, who are full of moral and educational values. It is different from low culture produced by the village community with no moral value content (Yuliman, 2001: 26). In practice, at present the presence of mass culture has been able to melt the bulkhead between high culture and culture of planning, so as to form a culture that is easily consumed.
Mass culture has a character, which is mass, superficial, prioritizes the appearance rather than meaning and depth, also indicating the acceptance of status, appearance and style symbols rather than their meaning or meaning (Hidayat, 2012: 117). Kepeng money statues in the form of Hindu gods -Lord Shiva, god Vishnu, goddess Sri, and others -are mass-produced and eliminated the meaning of ritual, thus developing into kitsch. Kitsch is a commercial packaging art that is specially made to meet the taste of tourists. Kitsch consumers do not enjoy the statue of god and goddess, and seriously confirming its symbolic meaning, but enjoying it as leisure in their leisure time (Kayam, 1981b: 11).
Fordism is characterized by the production of standardized goods at a large scale in the context of mass consumption. It refers to the system of mass production system and the consumptive character of a highly developed economy during the 1940 -1960s. It is based on the idea, principles and system that were developed by Henry Ford. Ford developed the modern mass production system, especially through the creation of turn -taking car assembly line system. The characteristics of Fordism are mass production of homogeneous products, rigid technology, standardized worker routines, skill downgrading, worker homogenization, mass human power, consumption homogenization (Ritzer & Goodman, 2010: 202).
The process of coin statues and salangs in Group Taksu Agung shows the similarities with Fordism job division system. The coin product is done using an assembly line in which statue parts are done separately by different divisions. This is very different from the system of making traditional statues that are done by one person from the beginning to the finishing. This assembly system needs many workers who are divided into divisions with their respective stages of work. The coin production process from the beginning to the end consists of the stages of making a coin model, preparing the mold and molding, cropping process or smoothening the coin surfaces, separating the coins which are still connected with each other using a file, and shining the coin surfaces and at the same time giving them the desired color. The model making and mold making are done by the molding division that consists of two persons. The coin cropping and separating process, and coin surface smoothing are done by another division. Finally, the coin surface shining is done by the shining division. The molding division does the work of preparing the mold and metal liquid by heating the metal at 1200℃. At 1200 ℃, the metal will melt. The metal liquid is poured into a clay mold. After the metal mold becomes cold, then it is broken to take out the result of the molding. The products are sorted to get the pieces of coins. They should be smoothened first, since after being molded their surfaces are rough. Then, the process is continued by grinding to smoothen the coin edge. Finally, it is the finishing process in which the edge is smoothened with a file. The steps in this assembly can produce products that meet the specified standard. Coin statues and salang are processed using fordism work system. The body part is made from a coins arrangement, while the head, hands, legs are from wood. The coins for the statue body are arranged by the arranging division. The head, hands and legs are done by another division. After the arranging of the coins for the body and head, hands and legs are ready, then the assembly process of the parts is done that results in a whole statue.
Multiculturism is a term used to explain an individual's view about variations of life in this world, or a cultural policy that stresses the acceptance of the presence of the variations and various variations of culture (multiculture) that are present in the community life concerning values, systems, cultures, habits and politics that they hold. Barker (2004: 379) states that multiculture is aimed at celebrating differences.
Bali is a tourist destination area which is not only visited by tourists of various ethnics in the world, but it is also visited by supporters of tourism, whether they are merchants, tour guides or others. Tourists coming to Bali have varied tastes. Thus, this becomes an opportunity for the craftsmen to create varied works. Tourism art works are sold in Bali, not only limited to the works of art that have Balinese characteristics, but many of them also have the works of art that come from other ethics. Asmat statue, Dayak statue, Budhist statue that is especially of Borobudur temple style, statue of god that is especially of Prambanan temple style, bamboo work from Dayak, etc. are mostly peddled on the road sides of the tourism routes. These works of art may come from their places of origin, but may also be the products of Balinese craftsmen. All of the products show that the works of art sold in Bali have a multicultural orientation that presents their own characteristics. Products by multiculture oriented can also be seen in the coin handicrafts produced by Group Taksu Agung at Kamasan village, Klungkung. The coins which were originally Chinese heritage are used as material to make souvenirs in the form of Hindu gods and goddesses with Balinese characteristics. These products show the multicultural characteristic since the coins which originally came from China are used as material for making statues which have local Balinese design. The emergence of statues using coin material is a creation of the craftsmen in meeting the market demand. The craftsmen produce coin statues and this fact cannot be separated from the characteristic of mass culture which is the metamorphosis of commodity in its more sophisticated, more refined and more attractive shape (Strinati in Hidayat, 2012, 107).
In every transaction of trade in an economy there has to be a demand and a supply which meet each other and will form a point of meeting in price and quantity (the number of goods). Since there is a market demand, then Balinese handicrafts which were formerly produced to support rituals or had a use value change to commodities that are exchanged for money (exchange use). According to Marx, an object gets a use value when it is used in the context of social, economic, cultural, and political interactions of the feudal community. While an object acquires an exchange value when it can be exchanged for money (Hidayat, 2012: 64).
In the globalization era which is dominated by the capitalist ideology, the exchange value becomes more important than the use value. The coin handicrafts at Kamasan village, Klungkung make coin handicrafts to be exchanged for money. Money becomes the main goal in the society in the globalization era, since with money people can meet their desires. This causes them to be trapped into the market ideology or market control (Atmadja, 2010: 53). The demand of money on the part of the coin craftsmen is a necessity. To be able to get money, they exchange their work for it. Therefore, the coin handicraft which constitutes a cultural capital is transformed into an economic capital (Bourdieu, 2010: xx). When it becomes a commodity, the values and the symbolic meanings are left out. Similarly, the consideration of dewasa ayu (good day) and the ceremony that is held every time a work starts and pasupati ritual , that is, the ritual of purification of a sacred object is neglected. Work of art is created for meeting the market demand. Thus, in working, the craftsmen have no longer based their work on the transcendental experiences, but create works based on market mechanism (Budiarto, 2001: 51). Market dominates the craftsmen in production. This also causes concern among art observers. Markets have a dominant power over art creation. If these issues are taken seriously into consideration, they can destroy the world of art in a massive way which in its turn will significantly destroy the life of the community who support them (Malna, 1992: 17).
Markets control the creation of art and craftsmen in Bali, so that the activity of art creation does not only constitute a cultural activity, but it also serves as an economic activity (Malna, 1992: 16). The craftsmen work is no longer for meeting their mental and spiritual needs, but is controlled by the desire to possess money. Habermas in Adian (2010: 113) states that art is controlled by money and power which will gradually be disconnected from the world of life itself.
The craftsmen make handicrafts that sell very well. Of course, the behavior of imitating among the craftsmen in Bali has become a tradition. In the nonformal art education in Bali society there is a practice in which a parent or a master teaches a skill to his child or student. The practice is done through imitation. The child or student imitates his/her parent's or teacher's work as precisely as possible. The imitating behavior continues to become a tradition among the craftsmen, although they do it for making a profit (Supir, 2016: 160). This, of course, makes the craftsmen whose works are being imitated suffer a loss. They do it to sell their work quickly.

CONCLUSION
The industrialization of the coin handicraft at Kamasan village Klungkung is a reasonably great change in the map of Balinese handicrafts. This cannot be separated from the ideology behind it. The ideology that influences the industrialization of the coin handicraft at Kamasan Klungkung is that folk industry is related to agrarian culture, industrialization is the continuation of the agrarian culture. The folk industry is related to the agrarian culture in the making of coin products that are needed by the local Balinese community. The Balinese community needs the coin products in the form of statues and lamak for the ritual purpose. The industrialization of coin handicraft is the continuation of the agrarian culture, that is, the production of the coin products as souvenirs for tourist consumption.
The implications on the craftsmen and the products produced are the change from folk culture to popular culture, fordism, mass production based on the casting, multiculturally oriented products, and markets forming products. The change in culture from folk culture to multi-culture is related to the method of production, that is, from traditional to mass production. These mass products are produced in a great quantity by following standardization, Fordism (mass production based on the casting using the work system that is divided into job divisions). Every stage in the process determines the next process. The multi-culturally oriented products are produced to meet the demand of the tourists who come from various ethnic backgrounds and geographical areas. Markets form products, that is, the craftsmen make products which are desired by the market and markets become the orientation in the production of products.

Abstract
In the current era of disruption where information technology has a large impact and influence on the development of higher education in Indonesia. The educational pattern at Polytechnic is currently encouraged to be more innovative in an effort to help the government realize the quality of human resources that are reliable and professional in meeting the needs of industry and companies so that they have high organizational competitiveness. One factor that contributes to improving organizational competitiveness is the ability of lecturers to create conducive, creative and innovative learning situations. Creative and innovative learning patterns are one of the ways in which the teaching and learning process is implemented so that learners become motivated and have competent skills and knowledge, not only hard skills but also soft skills. Polytechnics as higher education based on applied knowledge must have different characteristics from academic education. The purpose of this study is to find out: (a) how the concepts used by the lecturers in creating creative and innovative teaching and learning processes through the concepts of collaborative knowledge creation? (b) how are the students' attitudes in learning so that they have high motivation and creativity? The study was conducted in the Department of Business Administration-PNJ using qualitative research methods (soft system thinking). Which compares the existing real conditions with the condition of the model that should occur so as to produce a better understanding of the conditions used as objects of research. Analysis data used Soft System Methodology (SSM) implementation dynamic human activities as a system through the concept of CATWOE (Customers, Actors, Transformation, Welstanchaung, Owner, and Environment). Data collection techniques used interviews and observations. The results of the study showed that the role of lecturers in providing applicative teaching strategies refers to the problem based education, applying the concept of collaborative knowledge creation through four stages, such as: (1) externalizing and sharing, (2) interpreting and analyzing, (3) revising, and (4) combining and creating. Creative learning focuses on: real phenomena that occur in society, industry, organizations and companies, external campus environmental factors and learning media.  (2) interpreting and analyzing, (3) negotiating and revising, dan (4) combining and creating. Pembelajaran kreatif fokus pada: fenomena riil yang terjadi di masyarakat, industri, organisasi dan perusahaan, faktor lingkungan eksternal kampus dan media pembelajaran.

Influence of Local Original Revenue and Economic Growth INTRODUCTION
The economic structure owned by the Province of Bali has its own uniqueness compared to other provinces in Indonesia. This uniqueness is because most of the community's sources of livelihood are sourced from the tourism sector, while other sectors act as supporting sectors. Likewise, the economic structure of each regency/city in Bali rests on the development of the tourism sector. Krisnandhi (2010) states that tourism promotion will bring a greater contribution, in terms of economic development, namely increasing foreign spending, generating business activities, providing more capital and employment, encouraging more production, and increasing per capita income.
With the enactment of local autonomy, each regency/city in Bali Province must manage its resources. Local autonomy is a form of the delegation of authority and responsibility carried out by the central government to local governments that have the authority to regulate their own regions both financially and non-financially. Therefore, local governments are required to further improve performance and be able to provide good and maximum services to the community. The granting of broad, real, and responsible authority expressed in the legislation is a reflection of the democratization process in the implementation of local autonomy to assist the central government in organizing governance in regions that focus on regency/city governments.
The consequence of the implementation of local autonomy is that the regency/city local governments in Bali Province must explore the potential sources of income, so as to increase Local Original Revenue. Olatunji et al. (2009) states that local government revenues mainly come from taxes. Local Original Revenue becomes the backbone used to finance local expenditure. Sources of local revenue are obtained and used to finance the administration of local government affairs, should have the ability to carry out the autonomy indicated by the significant role of local revenue in financing local expenditures which have implications for poverty alleviation in the relevant regency/city. Abdillah and Mursinto (2016) found that short-term fiscal decentralization and economic growth did not have a significant influence on poverty rates, while income inequality had a significant negative influence on local poverty rates. Fiscal decentralization and long-term economic growth have a significant and negative influence on local poverty rate. In the long run, local poverty rates have decreased in several provinces with high economic growth and high local income. Vincent (2009) argues that poverty is a major problem experienced by developing countries. Chen and Ravallion (2007) found that for developing countries, a clear decline in trends in the percentage of truly poor people was proven, although with uneven progress across the region, more success was found in reducing the total number of poor people. Kraay (2006) explains that in the medium to long term, most variations in changes in poverty can be attributed to growth in average income, indicating that policies and institutions that encourage broad-based growth must be at the center of the pro-poor growth agenda. Ocaya et al. (2012) investment is a strong link for economic growth and poverty reduction. Bakari (2017) long-term relationship shows that domestic investment has a negative influence on economic growth. However, in the short term, domestic investment causes economic growth.
Poverty is one of the diseases in the economy, so there must be a solution or policy to reduce poverty. The problem of poverty is a complex and complex problem and is multidimensional. Therefore, the policies made for poverty alleviation must be carried out in a comprehensive and integrated manner. The existence of a decrease in the rate of poverty in an area indicates that the development carried out has brought success. When the economy develops in an area, there is more income to spend, if it is well distributed among the population in the region it will reduce poverty. Kuncoro (2006: 18) states that theoretically economic growth plays an important role in overcoming poverty reduction Economic growth is an important condition for alleviating society from poverty, although economic growth can not stand alone to alleviate poverty, but economic growth becomes the main factor for alleviating poverty (Yudha, 2013). Poverty and economic growth are important indicators in achieving local development success. To improve development, each region will strive to optimize economic growth and reduce poverty. The emergence of the problem of the increasing number of people living below the poverty line occurs in developing countries including Indonesia which accompanies the achievement of economic growth in these countries (Jonaidi, 2012). Sameti and Farahmand (2009) stated that the link between poverty and economic growth can be explained by decreasing the productivity of labor, which is largely poor so that it will reduce the average production rate per worker, then low economic growth will further increase poverty.
The rate of economic growth in each regency/city in Bali Province varies and fluctuates, which can give an indication that economic growth in each regency/city in the Province of Bali is not fully able to overcome poverty caused by many factors. The growth rate of several sectors in each regency/city varies greatly depending on the characteristics of the sector in the regency/city. For regencies/cities in Bali that rely on tourism, it turns out that local original revenue received by each regency/city tends to increase, but economic growth is still fluctuating/unstable and poverty from year to year in each regency/city experiences a different decline. This can give an indication that economic growth in each regency/city is not fully able to overcome poverty. The results of empirical research also found that fiscal decentralization was not fully able to overcome the rate of poverty. Therefore, it is interesting to examine the relationship between the variables of local original revenue, economic growth with poverty rates and the pattern of the relationship between economic growth and poverty which is expected to be able to alleviate poverty quickly in regencies/cities in Bali Province.
Based on the above description, the objectives to be achieved in this study are: (1) To analyze the influence of local original revenue on poverty rate in regencies/cities in Bali Province. (2) To analyze the influence of economic growth on the rate of poverty in regencies/cities in Bali Province.
(3) To analyze the influence of local original revenue and economic growth simultaneously on poverty rate in regencies/cities in Bali Province. (4) To analyze the pattern of the relationship between economic growth and poverty rate in regencies/cities in Bali Province.

Local Original Revenue
According to Darise (2008: 135) local original revenue, here in after abbreviated as local original revenue is income obtained by regions collected based on local regulations. While Halim (2008: 96) explained that the local original revenue is all local revenues originating from the region's original economic sources. Widianto at al. (2015) found that local original revenue has a negative and significant influence on poverty, capital expenditures negatively affect economic growth, and capital expenditures negatively affect poverty. Santoso (2013) states that PAD, DAU, DAK and DBH affect the amount of local poverty. Todaro and Smith (2006) state that economic growth is a long-term increase in capacity of the country concerned to provide various economic goods to its population. Coon et al. (2012) states that the economic basis is defined as the value of goods and services exported from an economic activity in an area. Fosu (2010) states that the development process requires rapid economic growth. Usually economic growth is something that is very much needed but economic growth is not enough to alleviate poverty. The more economic growth in a country, the higher the investment of a country, the higher investment, unemployment will decrease, if the unemployment rate is low, it will be directly proportional to the decline in poverty. Agyemang (2010) found that economic growth has led to a decrease in income and a decrease in human poverty in all developing countries. Setiyawati and Hamzah (2007) the influence of economic growth on poverty and unemployment shows a significant influence, but economic growth has a negative influence on poverty and has a positive influence on unemployment.

Poverty Rate
Alcock (2012) explains that poverty has become a major concern in the development of social policy. Son and Kakwani (2004) find that economic growth has a significant influence on poverty, but not on income inequality. Skare and Druzeta (2016) explain that facts support that when growth occurs, poverty decreases, no matter the rate of inequality. Identically, the same growth pattern has different influences on poverty reduction. Economic growth is good for poverty alleviation but that is not enough. Paat et al. (2017) found that local original revenue and economic growth had a negative and significant influence on poverty rates. Ouardighi and Kapetanovic (2010) explain that the concept of pro-poor growth focuses on the relationship between economic growth, inequality and poverty. Growth is not pro-poor because poverty and inequality deteriorate, while economic reforms seem to have a positive influence on welfare, but the overall influence is on small growth for most countries.

Pattern of Relationship between Economic Growth and Poverty
Region mapping based on economic growth and the percentage of poor people in Bali Province can be seen from the distribution patterns in each regency/city by using economic growth data and the percentage of poor people in each regency/city that is processed and then described using quadrant analysis. Typology Analysis Klassen uses two indicator comparisons divided into four plot areas based on the average value of economic growth and the percentage of the average poor population.  (2014) Note: ri = Local economic growth rate I; yi = Local Poverty Rate I; r = Economic growth rate of the reference area and y = Reference area poverty rate.
By determining the average rate of poverty as the vertical axis and the average economic growth as the horizontal axis, the observed area can be divided into four classifications, namely: Quadrant I is occupied by regencies/cities with economic growth values below the average and percentage of population poor above average. Quadrant II is occupied by regencies/cities with a value of economic growth above the average and the percentage of poor people above the average. Quadrant III is occupied by regencies/ cities with economic growth values above the average and the percentage of poor people below average. Quadrant IV is occupied by regencies/cities with below average economic growth and the percentage of poor people below average.
Based on a theoretical review and empirical research, the proposed hypothesis is as follows: 1. Hypothesis 1 (H1): Local original revenue has a negative and significant influence on poverty rate in regency/city governments in Bali Province. 2. Hypothesis 2 (H2): Economic growth has a negative and significant influence on the rate of poverty in the regency/city government in Bali Province. 3. Hypothesis 3 (H3): Local original revenue and economic growth simultaneously have a negative and significant influence on poverty rate in regency/city governments in Bali Province.

RESEARCH METHOD
The source of this research data is secondary data. Secondary data used is time series data for the last 6 years 2012-2017 for each regency/city in the Province of Bali which consists of: Local original revenue data, economic growth and poverty rate. Secondary data was obtained from the Bali Provincial Statistics Agency. Data collection is done by using documentation techniques, namely by taking documented data that has been published by the BPS of Bali Province. Purposive sampling is a sample determination technique with certain considerations (Sugiyono, 2012: 78). The sample in this study is determined by purposive sampling technique which is in accordance with the objectives of the researcher with several considerations. The analytical technique to answer the purpose of the study is by multiple regression analysis techniques: Y = β0 + β1 X1 + β2 X2 + e. Where: Y = Poverty rate, X1 = Local original revenue; X2 = Economic growth; β0 = constants; β1, β2 = regression coefficient.
Regression models must be tested with classical assumptions.  (Ghozali, 2012: 110). The D-W number between -2 to +2, means there is no autocorrelation (Santoso, 2012: 243). To analyze the pattern of the relationship between Economic Growth and Poverty Rate in each regency/city in Bali Province, Klassen Typology analysis tools are used.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the classic assumption test: The linearity test between local original revenue and poverty rate, economic growth with poverty rate by Lack of fit test shows that the relationship between local original revenue and poverty rate, Deviation from Linearity with Sig. 0.638. The relationship between economic growth and poverty rates, Deviation from Linearity Sig. 0.470. So, both Deviation from Linearity is greater than 0.05, which means that the relationship is linear. Data normality test is based on the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test. For data normality with regard to Asymp. Sig. Sig. (2-tailed) greater than 0.05. This means that all of these variables are normally distributed. For autocorrelation, the Durbin-Watson number is 2,001. The number D-W 2.001 is located between -2 to +2, meaning there is no autocorrelation (Santosa, 2012: 243). Homoscedasticity test using Rho Spearman Test, where Sig. (2-tailed) local original revenue (0.248), economic growth (0.545). So, the second is Sig. (2-tailed)> 0.05, which means homoskedasticity is met. Multicollinearity test in which the tolerance of local original revenue and economic growth = 0.813 is greater than 0.10 and VIF is both = 1.230 < 10 which means that there is no multicollinearity. Thus, the multiple regression model fulfills the prerequisites for testing classical assumptions and is suitable for use.

Influence of Local Original Revenue on Poverty Rate
Hypothesis 1 (H1): Local original revenue has a negative and significant influence on the rate of poverty.
To answer this hypothesis, the SPPS 24 output can be shown in Table 2: Coefficients t Test Results below: Based on Table 2 of the T Test Results Coefficients, for Local revenue it is known that t = -5.076 with Sig. t is 0,000. Results Sig. t = 0,000 which is smaller than 0.05, meaning that the regression coefficient of local original revenue is significant. This means that the local original revenue has a significant influence on the rate of poverty. The regression coefficient is found to be negative, so it can be interpreted that the local original revenue has a negative influence on the rate of poverty. This means that if the local original revenue increases, the Poverty Rate will decrease/ decrease. So, Hypothesis 1 (H1) which states: Local original revenue has a negative and significant influence on the rate of poverty proven or acceptable. This research is in line with the opinion of Kraay (2006) explaining that in the medium to long term, most variations in changes in poverty can be attributed to growth in average income. Abdillah and Mursinto (2016) stated that fiscal decentralization and longterm economic growth have significant and negative influences on local poverty rates.

Influence of Economic Growth on Poverty Rates
Hypothesis 2 (H2): Economic growth has a negative and significant influence on the rate of poverty. To answer this hypothesis, the SPPS 24 output can be shown in Table 3 of the Coefficientsa t Test Results below: Based on Table 3 of the Coefficients of T Test Results, for economic growth it can be seen that t = -3.789 with Sig. t is 0,000. Results Sig. t = 0,000 smaller than 0.05 means that the economic growth regression coefficient is significant. This means that economic growth has a significant influence on the rate of poverty. The regression coefficient is found to be negative, so it can be interpreted that economic growth has a negative influence on the rate of poverty. This means that if economic growth increases, the rate of poverty will decrease/decrease. So, Hypothesis 2 (H2) which states that economic growth has a negative and significant influence on the rate of poverty is proven or acceptable. This research is consistent with the findings of Yudha (2013)

Influence of Local Original Revenue and Economic Growth on Poverty Rates
Hypothesis 3 (H3): Local original revenue and economic growth simultaneously have a negative and significant influence on the rate of poverty. To answer this hypothesis, the SPPS 24 output can be shown in Table 4 of the F Test Results below: Testing the influence of local original revenue and economic growth simultaneously on poverty rate by considering the results of the F Test shown in Table 4 F Test Results, where it was found that F = 34,918 with Sig. 0,000. The significance result of F (Sig. F = 0,000) is smaller/less than 0,05 so it can be interpreted that the coefficient is significant. This means that local original revenue and economic growth simultaneously have a significant influence on the rate of poverty. The regression coefficient is found to be negative, so it can be interpreted that local original revenue and economic growth have a negative influence simultaneously on the rate of poverty. This means that if the local original revenue and economic growth are simultaneously increased, the poverty rate will decrease significantly. So, Hypothesis 3 (H3) which states: Local original revenue and economic growth simultaneously have a negative and significant influence on the rate of poverty proven or acceptable. This research is in line with Paat et al. (2017) which found that local original revenue and economic growth had a negative and significant influence on the rate of poverty.

Pattern of Relationship between Economic Growth and Poverty
The pattern of the relationship between economic growth needs to be analyzed to what extent the economic growth of each regency/city in Bali Province is in line with the alleviation of the rate of poverty. Basically, economic growth affects the rate of poverty, but there are those whose influence is large and of course there is also a small influence. For this reason Klassen typology will be able to map the categories of each regency/city in the Province of Bali related to the relationship between economic growth and poverty. Average economic growth and poverty rates of regencies/cities and average economic growth and poverty rates of Bali Province need to be known as a comparison. Table 5 below describes the average economic growth and poverty rate of regencies/cities in Bali from 2012-2017 and the average economic growth and poverty rate of Bali Province from 2012-2017. Based on the data in Table 5 above, each regency/city in Bali Province can be grouped into the appropriate quadrant. For this reason, the distribution of regencies/cities in Bali Province is based on the average of economic growth and poverty rate from 2012-2017 as Table 6 below.

Quadrant I
First, Jembrana, Tabanan, Klungkung, Bangli, Karangasem and Buleleng Regencies are included in Quadrant I because the regency has an average economic growth rate that is smaller and the poverty rate is higher than the average of Bali Province. The challenge faced is that the local government must work hard to accelerate economic growth through increasing productivity in various sectors and economic activities that are able to absorb large workers, especially from the poor. Local governments are also required to improve the influence rate and efficiency of various poverty reduction policies and programs.

Quadrant II
Second, Gianyar Regency is included in Quadrant II because Gianyar Regency has an average rate of economic growth higher than the average rate of economic growth in Bali Province, but the average poverty rate is higher than the average poverty rate of Bali Province. High economic growth in this area has not given a significant impact on poverty reduction. The challenge that must be faced by the local government is to encourage the development of economic activities in sectors that absorb large numbers of workers from the poor. In addition, programs and policies are also needed in terms of poverty reduction so that poverty reduction becomes faster.

Quadrant III
Third, Quadrant III is an area that has a higher rate of economic growth than the average of Bali Province, with a poverty rate lower than the average of Bali Province. So, regencies/cities in Bali Province that enter Quadrant III are Badung Regency and Denpasar City. High economic growth in this area has significantly affected the poverty rate. This shows the ideal conditions. The challenge that must be faced by the local government is to maintain the influence rate and efficiency of policies and programs for poverty reduction on an ongoing basis and continue to be improved.

Quadrant IV
Fourth, this Quadrant IV is a region with a lower rate of economic growth and a lower poverty rate than the average province of Bali. None of the regencies/cities in Bali Province are included in Quadrant IV. Basically economic growth affects the rate of poverty, but each regency/city in the Province of Bali based on the results of the mapping shows that the impact of economic growth on the reduction in poverty rates is felt most significantly by Badung Regency and Denpasar City. This shows that Badung Regency and Denpasar City have achieved ideal conditions. This is understandable because Badung Regency and Denpasar City are in addition to high economic growth, as well as high Local original income, so that the acceleration of poverty alleviation is more real. While other regencies in Bali Province have not shown an ideal result regarding the relationship between economic growth and poverty.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusions that can be submitted to answer the research objectives are: (1) Local original revenue has a negative and significant influence on the rate of poverty in the regency/city government in Bali Province. (2) Economic growth has a negative and significant influence on the rate of poverty in the regency/city government in Bali Province. (3) Local original revenue and economic growth simultaneously have a negative and significant impact on poverty rate in regency/city governments in Bali Province. (4) The pattern of the relationship between Economic growth and poverty in each regency/city in the Province of Bali shows that the most ideal condition is achieved by the Badung Regency and the City of Denpasar including the category of regions with High Economic Growth with Low Poverty Rate (Quadrant III). While other regencies in Bali Province have not reached ideal conditions. Gianyar occupies the first quadrant with high economic growth, but the rate of poverty is high. Jembrana, Tabanan, Klungkung, Bangli, Karangasem and Buleleng regencies are included in Quadrant I because these regencies have an average economic growth rate that is smaller and the poverty rate is higher than the average of Bali Province.
Based on these conclusions, the suggestions that can be submitted are each regency/city in the Province of Bali should continue to improve both local original revenue and spur economic growth to reduce/reduce the rate of poverty. Considering that not every regency/city in the Province of Bali, where economic growth is not necessarily accompanied in line with the reduction in the poverty rate, the area needs to harmonize between economic growth and a decrease in poverty. Local original revenue and economic growth need to be improved so that it has implications for reducing the poverty rate in order to improve the welfare of the people in the regency concerned based on the potential of the region.

Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine whether there was a significant effect of motivation, knowledge, and leadership on students' interest in saving stocks. The problem behind this research is whether the leadership of the management of the Balikpapan State Polytechnic Banking and Finance study program can encourage the growth of students' interest in investing through stock savings. The research method uses a survey method, with data collection techniques through questionnaires, interviews, documentation and observation. This type of research is quantitative research with sampling techniques using simple random sampling. The sample students were 100 people from the total population of 166 Banking and Finance study programs. Data analysis using statistical tests, namely correlation coefficient, multiple regression, F test and t test.
Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that motivation, knowledge, and leadership together had a significant effect on students' interest in saving stocks. The leadership variable has the most dominant influence on student interest in stock saving investments, indicated by the results of t test of 7.077, compared to motivation and knowledge variables, each of which was 3.379 and 6.635. From the documentation, students who have an account to transact on the capital market are 84 people, or 51% of the total students of the Balikpapan State Polytechnic Banking and Finance study program.

Abstract
This study aims to analyze the influence of bandwagon effect and investment knowledge on student investment interest in capital market. The population of this study are all students of Business Management Department Politeknik Negeri Batam, while samples are taken from students who have obtained capital market courses and general lecture of capital market. The analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that each variable of bandwagon effect and investment knowledge have a significant influence on student investment interest in the capital market. These results can be a reference for academics, especially Politeknik Negeri Batam to see how much interest of students in applying their knowledge to invest in capital market. Furthermore for practitioners and policy makers, this research can be the basis for managing socialization strategy regarding capital market in order to introduce investment world and capital market to general public especially among students.

Abstract
The market share of e-commerce in Indonesia with the number of internet users grew by 30%. The value of e-commerce transactions is also very high, but the number of internet users for on-line shopping by 7%. Chinese people conduct on-line transactions by 30%. The growth of e-commerce sales turnover of Asia Pacific region amounted to 42%. Transactions on-line smartphone users, emobile banking, e-digital use of other e-applications younger generation is 25%. This study aims to examine the characteristics of the dimensions of e-transaction behavior among students and construct the dimensions of e-transaction behavior among students. The respondents of this research are among the 88 students and student who have been and are doing e-transactions of products and services. The data of this study were collected by questionnaire technique, in-depth interview and observation. The research data was analyzed by descriptive statistic and Factor analysis. The results of the research analysis indicate that the dimension of the formation of e-transaction behavior among students is determined by individual decisions, choices and psychology The recommendation of this research result can be formulated e-transactions policy to reduce the negative risk of market opportunity among the young generation. Berdasarkan Uji Faktor Indikator karaketerisitik E-Transaksi perilaku individu (X1), marketplace (X2), Produk (X3), pola pikir (Y1), pengelolaan anggaran (Y2), pemanfaatan waktu (Y3) menunjukkan nilai diatas standar 0,05. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa uji faktor terhadap indikator X dan Y yanf dipergunakan dalam penelitian dapat dilanjutkan dengan uji berikutnya.