Analysis of the Use of Standard Indonesian Vocabularies in the Lecturers’ Scientific Writings of Politeknik Negeri Bali

____________________ ABSTRACT ___________________________________________________________________ The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the use of standard Indonesian vocabulary in the lecturers’scientific writings of Politeknik Negeri Bali especially in Jurnal Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan and Bhakti Persada Jurnal Aplikasi Ipteks. The data in this descriptive qualitative study was collected by using an observational method which was assisted by the technique of note-taking. The data were analyzed by using descriptive qualitative analysis method, which describe the data completely and systematically to get a comprehensive conclusion. Furthermore, the results of the study are presented using formal and informal methods. The use of vocabulary that was found includes non-standard words, uncommon words, inefficient words, and inaccurate words. Nonstandard words are basic and derived words; uncommon words are foreign words; inefficient words include inefficient forms, the use of words that have redundant meaning and function; and inaccurate words caused by usage: improper in the sentence and between sentence connecting words, improper idiomatic phrases, and inappropriate similar words.


INTRODUCTION
In social life, a language is a communication tool used to interact among community members. Someone will convey their thoughts and opinions to others with language. Because of the large role of language for humans, it is not surprising that many scholars make the language an object of scientific study. Similarly, with the Indonesian language.
The use of spoken Indonesian and written on the official and unofficial situation shows that the Indonesian language is dynamic and growing. This condition causes the Indonesian language is always interesting to be studied as a research object. One example of the use of official Indonesian writing (standard) is lecturers' scientific writing of Politeknik Negeri Bali published in Jurnal Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan and Bhakti Persada.
As a scientific writing, Indonesian being used must be standard. However, the fact is still found a lot of problems in using standard Indonesian language in lecturers' scientific writing of Politeknik Negeri Bali in both journals mentioned above.
Here are examples of language problems found in the lecturers' scientific writing of Bali State Polytechnic.
The word setelah and maka in the sentence (1) are both conjunctions. The use of two conjunctions at once in such a sentence belongs to the use of ineffective or redundant words. One of the conjunctions in the sentence must be omitted, which in this case is more precisely removed is the conjunction maka.
Based on the above data, it can be seen that the use of Indonesian language in the lecturers' scientific writing of Politeknik Negeri Bali is interesting to be researched. Various problems of using Indonesian language can be found, such as word choice, sentence, and spelling. However, this study is limited only to the problem of vocabulary use.
Many researches on the use of Indonesian language in the scientific writing have been done. Among these are N.K. Wedayanthi et al. (2014) who examines the use of the Indonesian language in an imitative paper entitled "The Effectiveness of Indonesian Language Use in Writing in relation to the Scoring of Indonesian Proficiency Test Session Screening (UKBI) on Teachers". This research includes qualitative and quantitative descriptive using documentation data collection methods. Data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative and inferential methods with Product Moment Correlation Technique. The findings of this research are: (1) the average score of writing sessions in teacher's writing is 439, 89 (middle level), (2) the use of Indonesian language in teacher's writing is quite effective with an average of 70.44, and (3) there is no significant correlation between acquisition score of UKBI writing session and teacher EBI score.
Another researcher is I Nengah Suandi (2014) with a study entitled "Analysis of Indonesian Language Use in Lecturer Research Report at the University of Ganesha Education". Data were collected by documentation method and analyzed by the descriptive method. The results showed that in the research report of the lecturer Ganesha University of Education, it is still found a variety of deviations of language usage, both concerning the sentence, the formation, the order of meaning/diction, as well as the grammar. Irregularities in the sentence order include sentences with no subject and or predicate, sentences without parallelism, sentences with M-D patterned phrases, and pleonastic sentences. In the formation it was found deviation of the form of prefix meN-and confix peN -/ -an. Deviation in the meaning is in the form of illogical reasoning and the choice of inappropriate use of words, whereas in the writing it was found the deviation: letter writing, word writing, and the use of punctuation.
When associated with this study, previous research is highly relevant. This is due to the issues discussed is equally the use of Indonesian language in scientific writing. Thus, previous research became the inspiration for this research. This study is also clearly different from existing studies. The difference of research Wedayanthi et al. (2014) with this research lies in the nature of the research, the issues discussed, and the purpose of the research. Similarly, between this study and the research of Suandi (2014) is different in terms of research methods, research subjects, and the research object.
The object of previous research is the use of Indonesian language in the paper in relation to the score of the Indonesian Proficiency Testing (UKBI) writing session on the teacher and the use of Indonesian language on the research report of lecturer at the Ganesha University of Education. This research object is the use of standard Indonesian vocabulary in lecturers' scientific writing of Bali State Polytechnic. The formulation of the problem studied is "How is the use of the standard Indonesian vocabulary in the lecturers' scientific writing of Bali State Polytechnic? Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the use of standard Indonesian vocabulary in the lecturers' scientific writing of Bali State Polytechnic.
Indonesian language in lecturers' scientific writings of Politeknik Negeri Bali is an example of the use of Indonesian language in the community, especially the variety of written Indonesian. The use of language in the community on scientific writing is the realm of sociolinguistic field studies. This is because language is a social product of society and not merely as a system that includes the structure of language, such as phonology, morphology, vocabulary, syntax, paragraph, and spelling. That is, various forms of language use in the community emerged due to various social factors of the user community. Therefore, this research is based on Sociolinguistic Theory especially, Applied Sociolinguistics. This theory is supported by several related concepts, such as Good and Correct Indonesian, Indonesian vocabulary rules, and scientific writing.

METHODS
This research is descriptive qualitative and using primary data obtained directly from the object of research that is the use of Indonesian language in lecturers' scientific writing of Politeknik Negeri Bali published in Jurnal Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan dan Bhakti Persada Jurnal Aplikasi Ipteks. The use of Indonesian in both journals is the population of this study. Due to the large population size, it is not possible to research everything. Therefore, sampling is done with a simple random sampling technique. Simple random sampling technique is random sampling without considering the strata in the population (Sugiyono, 2014: 122). The application of this technique is caused by the population members being homogeneous and all members of the population allow to be selected as samples. Data are collected by a method of referring to advanced techniques in the form of note taking technique. In social science, especially anthropology, the method can be compared with observation method or observation (Sudaryanto, 1993: 133--138, Mahsun, 2005. The data have been collected and have been classified, then analyzed by a qualitative descriptive method with inductive methodological paradigm, that is from specific to general (Mahsun, 2005: 256-257). Descriptive qualitative analysis method means, describing the data in the form of the use of standard Indonesian vocabulary in lecturers' scientific writing of Politeknik Negeri Bali in a complete and systematic way to obtain a comprehensive conclusion. Furthermore, the results of the study are presented using formal and informal methods. According to (Sudaryanto, 1993: 145) the method of informal presentation is to present the results of the analysis with a description or common words, while the method of formal presentation is the formulation with signs and symbols. Both methods are assisted by the technique of combining both methods. That is, the data analysis results are presented with words and signs or symbols.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As mentioned earlier, one of the problems found in the use of Indonesian in the lecturers' scientific writing of Politeknik Negeri Bali is a choice of words. The problem of using the vocabulary can be seen in the following data.

The Standard Word
Based on the form, the nonstandard words found in this study are differentiated into basic and derived words (derivative). The data can be seen in the following sentences.
The word ijin in the sentence (6) is the basic word because it has not undergone a morphological process and not the standard word. The standard word for these words is izin. The word mengkoordinasikan in the sentence (7) which belongs to a derivative word (word invention). This word is derived from the basic koordinasi combined with meN-and -kan (meN -+ koordinasi + -kan). As a result of the meN-combined with word koordinasi with initial sound / k-/ there is a sound change from / N-/ to / ng-/. Therefore, the standard word for mengkoordinasikan is mengoordinasikan. Compare the sentences (6) and (7) above with the following sentence. 6a) Untuk mendapatkan izin industri mendaftarkan ke Dinas KesehatanTabanan 7a) Fungsi subak pada umumnya adalah untuk mengatur pengairan serta mengoordinasikan hal-hal….

The Common Words
In this study, it is found the use of uncommon words, as can be observed in the following sentences.

Efficient Word
In the lecturers' scientific writing of Bali State Polytechnic, it is still found the use of words that are not efficient. This can be observed in the following sentences.
Forms mempunyai peranan in sentence (10) is not efficient, because there is a more efficient formation by using a single word that is berperan. The word berperan means the same as mempunyai peran. Therefore, in the case of word efficiency, it is better to use a more concise form. Thus, the sentence (10) can be changed to the following sentence (10a).
Besides being caused by the word form as above, the inefficiency is also caused by excessive use of words, such as sentence (11) above. In that sentence, words hanya and saja mean the same. Similarly, words seperti and dan sebagainya, serve the same function that is to state the details. Therefore, words with the same meaning and the same function are used only one. That is, between words hanya and saja used one only, namely: hanya or saja. Also, seperti and dan sebagainya, just use one of them. Compare the sentence (11) above with the following sentences.

Accurate Word
In the lecturers' scientific writing of Bali State Polytechnic, it is still found the use of words that are not accurate. The word is not accurate can be observed in the following sentences.
The use of idiomatic expressions in the lecturers' scientific papers of Politeknik Negeri Bali many do not conform to their norms. The data are in the sentence (12) above. The use of idiomatic phrases in the sentence (12) is not accurate since word sesuai is not accompanied with the word dengan behind it. In sentence (13) the inaccuracy is due to the inappropriate use of inaccurate connector expression. The connector expression between sentences is antara. The right pair of antara is dan not dengan. The use of word masing-masing in sentence (14) above is inaccurate as it does not conform to the standard vocabulary rules of Indonesian. In that sentence, word masing-masing is followed by a noun Mitra. Based on accurate vocabulary rule, word masing-masing should not be followed by a noun. The words that may be followed by a noun or something that are made noun are words tiap-tiap. Both words (masing-masing and tiap-tiap) belong to the similar word, but the rules of its use are different. For that, compare sentences 12-14 with the following sentence.
The above explanation shows that the use of standard Indonesian vocabulary in lecturers' scientific writings of Politeknik Negeri Bali is still problematic. This is evidenced by the discovery of vocabulary choice errors, both non-standard, uncommon, inefficient, or inaccurate. The results of this study are in line with the two previous similar studies conducted by Suandi (2014) and Wedayanthi et al. (2014). Suandi (2014) in a study entitled "Analysis of Indonesian Language Use in Research Report in Ganesha Educational University" stated that the deviation of language usage in research reports of lecturers of UNDIKSHA is quite varied, including meaning/diction. Quantitatively the deviation of meaning/diction was found for 31 (3.39%). The same thing is also put forward by Wedayanthi et al. (2014) under the title "The Effectiveness of Indonesian Language Use in Writing in relation to the Scoring of Indonesian Proficiency Test Session Scores (UKBI) on Teachers". According to them, of the four components assessed on EBI quantitatively found 69 lexical errors (20.35%). This lexical error is quite a lot when associated with the number of sentences made.
Based on the data found in this study, errors in using words are quite large, both words that are not standard, uncommon, inefficient, or inaccurate. The existence of the error choice of words does not affect the reader in understanding the contents of the paper, it is proven that readers can understand it well. However, as a scientific paper, it should have to follow its rules, that is logical material, systematic, and straightforward language. Especially for the language, a scientific paper as far as possible the author should avoid the mistake of using the standard Indonesian language including the choice of words.

Conclusion
Based on the results and the discussion above, it can be concluded that the lecturers' scientific writing of Politeknik Negeri Bali has not used the vocabulary in accordance with the normative vocabulary rules of Indonesian in scientific papers. Errors in using vocabulary found include non-standard words, uncommon words, inefficient words, and inaccurate words.
Non-standard words are found in basic and derived words (invoked words). Non-standard words in the form of derivative words are mostly caused by incorrect morphological processes. The invalidity of the word found in the form of the use of foreign words, whereas the similar words already exist in the Indonesian language. The use of the word that is inefficient includes the form that is not efficient, the use of extra words that have the same meaning, and the use of extra words that have the same function. Meanwhile, inaccurate words are caused by inappropriate use of intra-sentence and between sentence connecting words, inappropriate use of idiomatic phrases, and inappropriate use of similar words.

Suggestion
The perfection of a scientific paper is not only determined by the logical and systematic material but also straightforward language. A straightforward language is the use of Indonesian language that is easy to understand and in accordance with applicable Indonesian rules. Therefore, the writer of a scientific paper should also pay attention to the Indonesian language used to conform to the rules including the rules of the vocabulary.